Ionic Essays

Ionic Essays Ionic Essay Ionic Essay Characterize and depict ionic and covalent bonds. An ionic bond is a kind of synthetic bond shaped through an electrostatic fascination between two oppositely charged particles. A covalent bond is the synthetic bond that includes the sharing of sets of electrons between iotas. A compound is made when at least two particles structure a synthetic bond, connecting them together. The two kinds of bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. In an ionic bond, the particles are bound together by the fascination between oppositely charged particles. On the off chance that the electron is shared similarly between the molecules framing a covalent bond, at that point the bond is supposed to be nonpolar. An electron is more pulled in to one molecule than to another which shaping a polar covalent bond. Ionic bonds are framed between a cation and an anion. Unadulterated ionic holding can't exist: every single ionic compound have some level of covalent holding. An ionic bond is viewed as a bond where the ionic character is more prominent than the covalent character. The bigger the distinction in electronegativity between the two iotas engaged with the bond, the more ionic the bond is. Bonds with halfway ionic and mostly covalent character are called polar covalent bonds. Ionic holding is a type of no covalent holding. Ionic mixes direct power when liquid or in arrangement, yet not as a strong. They for the most part have a high softening point and will in general be solvent in water. The steady equalization of alluring and appalling powers between molecules when they share electrons is known as covalent holding. For some particles, the sharing of electrons permits every molecule to accomplish what might be compared to a full external shell, relating to a stable electronic arrangement. Covalent holding incorporates numerous sorts of communication, including ? - holding, ? - holding, metal-to-metal holding, freethinker cooperations, and three-focus two-electron bonds. The term covalent bond dates from 1939. The prefix co-implies together, related in real life, joined forces less significantly generally, implies that the molecules share valence. Particle H2, the hydrogen iotas share the two electrons through covalent holding. Covalency is most noteworthy between molecules of comparable electronegativity. Covalent holding doesn't really require the two particles be of similar components, just that they are of practically identical electronegativity. Albeit covalent holding involves sharing of electrons, it isn't really delocalized.

Vodafone Group Market Analysis Free Essays

This report analyzes the present market position of Vodafone, which is right now positioned second on the FTSE 100, and has a market capitalization of 84,991 Million GBP. The report attempts a SWOT examination to look at the principle qualities and shortcomings of Vodafone. This is trailed by a Porter’s five powers investigation of the business structure. We will compose a custom paper test on Vodafone Group Market Analysis or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The primary finish of this report is that Vodafone needs to change quickly to address the issues of the clients, and satisfy the changing needs in the business. These incorporate the changing idea of the portable correspondence, and the elements of the computerized economy, which have prompted the adjustments in the market. Vodafone should hence change its technique to manage these adjustments in the market. 1Introduction Vodafone is probably the biggest media transmission administrators in Europe and around the globe and gives versatile voice and information interchanges to purchasers and the organizations (Daruwala, 2011, Mc, 2012). Vodafone is as of now positioned second on the FTSE 100, and has a market capitalization of 84,991 Million GBP (FTSE, 2012). Vodafone bunch has recorded income of 45,884 million GBP during the financial year finished March 2011, and has an expansion of around 3.2 percent over monetary year 2010. This report analyzes the qualities and shortcomings of Vodafone to talk about the manners by which the organization can improve its serious situation in the business. One of the key suggestions of this report is that Vodafone needs to work all the more effectively in creating information correspondences to counter the business chance in an unpredictable European market, which will assist the association with growing in the short and medium term. Vodafone additionally needs to cre ate versatile applications and new advanced media to stay serious in this market. 2Market Analysis A nitty gritty examination of the broadcast communications part shows that today is exceptionally serious, as the various organizations and their brands are proceeding to acquaint new and vigorous items with their clients (FEER, 1999). A SWOT investigation has been done for the Vodafone, which has featured various qualities and shortcomings of the association. One of the key qualities of Vodafone is that it has a hearty brand picture, which has been created after some time and has a profoundly broad market reach (Browning, 2011). The association has additionally had the option to build up a more profound comprehension of the requirements of its clients, which has permitted it to develop marvelously, and has empowered the association to build up a client faithfulness which is exceptionally significant for it (Datamonitor, 2012). For instance, the yearly BrandX Top 100 important worldwide brands have positioned Vodafone as second most noteworthy brand and it is a top brand in UK. Corre spondingly, Brand Finance has positioned Vodafone as the fifth most important brand on the planet (Datamonitor, 2012). Notwithstanding, the shortcoming of the association has been its powerlessness to catch the brand steadfastness and piece of the overall industry regarding new clients. Vodafone has not had the option to catch the degree of clients in the new computerized condition, and in this manner the market development has not been as sensational in UK (Anwar, 2003) as some different brands, for example, ‘Three’. Another shortcoming of Vodafone is its failure to catch the Third Generation signal market, which could have been a huge launch for the association. Be that as it may, similar shortcomings of Vodafone additionally is one of the key open doors for the organization, the versatile information advertise is detonating, with the utilization of advanced cells and different remote empowered gadgets expanding remarkably (Savitz, 2012, Uzama, 2009, Mishra et al., 2010, Nayak and Pai, 2012). The capacity of Vodafone to offer types of assistance to these administrations is perhaps the best open door in Europe. Nonetheless, outside Europe, numerous different nations have not presented a fast portable information administration, and these are additionally expected to be a huge open door for these organizations. In such a case, Vodafone can conceivably have critical development roads, which can prompted noteworthy benefits for the association (Mishra et al., 2010, Nayak and Pai, 2012). These open doors additionally present various dangers to Vodafone. In such manner, the most huge danger is the expanded utilization of VOIP administrations, whic h challenges the customary model of cell phone organizations because of lost income and clients. In any case, the versatile organizations can keep on giving wirelesses administrations to clients, which they would then be able to use to produce different types of income. Another danger to Vodafone is the developed European market, which has gotten profoundly serious with lower edges for benefits and might be an issue for the association (Grocott, 2010, Jankovic, 2010). A Porters five powers examination of the versatile business likewise shows various issues for Vodafone, which needs thought. One of the key parts of the five powers model is that it empowers the assessment of the different powers which are applied on an association inside the business. In such manner, the purchasing intensity of the purchaser has surely expanded (Glajchen, 2006), as they are not, at this point obliged by the versatile specialist organizations. The purchasers can pick different suppliers and VOIP based administrations (Hass, 2006), which is a key worry for Vodafone. Another worry is the potential rivalry between the organizations, which is expanding because of the developing of the cell phone showcase. A third issue for Vodafone is the intensity of the providers, for example, Apple, who can direct their terms on the utilization of administrations (Glajchen, 2006), and in this manner a noteworthy danger to the matter of Vodafone. The danger of new participants and new substitute items is likewise ever expanding in the portable interchanges markets (Hass, 2006), as new advanced items and administrations are consistently developing which restrains the utilization of cell phone benefits by the buyer (Jung and Ibanez, 2010, Te-Yuan et al., 2010). These incorporate VOIP based administrations, for example, Skype and Facetime, which have implied that a few administrations, for example, video calls from portable administrators have been totally made repetitive (Chang et al., 2010, Bodhani, 2011, Shin, 2012). 3Conclusions Recommendations Various ends can be drawn dependent on the SWOT and Porter examination of Vodafone directed as a feature of this exposition. One of the key parts of things to come of Vodafone relies upon its capacity to saddle the information correspondence, which will be the fate of the organization. Progressively, imaginative applications and items are being utilized by clients to impart at a lower cost, and the job of the customary cell phone calls is progressively being minimized. Vodafone needs to understand the capability of information correspondence, and utilize new and creative methodologies to guarantee that it can remain in front of the opposition and convey noteworthy and new administrations to its clients. The eventual fate of portable communication may rely upon 4G associations, and Vodafone needs to guarantee that it is completely prepared to manage the new difficulties which it will look in the changing scene of versatile correspondences. New administrations, for example, portable in stallment and online networks are additionally noteworthy new roads for future development, anyway appropriate arranging is expected to address these issues of the client. References Anwar, S. T. (2003) Vodafone and the remote business: A case in showcase development and worldwide procedure. Diary of Business Industrial Marketing, 18(3), 270. Bodhani, A. (2011) Voip †voicing concerns. Building Technology (17509637), 6(7), 76-79. Cooking, J. (2011) Vodafone tears down its walled garden. Bloomberg Businessweek, 4257), 30-33. Chang, L.- h., Sung, C.- h., Chiu, S.- y. Lin, Y.- w. (2010) Design and acknowledgment of impromptu voip with installed p-taste server. Diary of Systems Software, 83(12), 2536-2555. Daruwala, F. (2011) Vodafone returned to. Worldwide Financial Law Review, 30(5), 52-52. Datamonitor 2012. Datamonitor: Vodafone bunch open restricted organization. Datamonitor Plc. FEER (1999) Britain’s vodafone. Far Eastern Economic Review, 162(42), 66. FTSE. (2012) Ftse factsheet [Online]. London: FTSE. Accessible: http://www.ftse.com/Indices/UK_Indices/Downloads/UKX_20120430.pdf [Accessed 16 July 2012]. Glajchen, D. (2006) A relative investigation of cell phone-based installment benefits in the US and south africa, London, Proquest. Grocott, J. (2010) Tax authorities’ guarantee vodafone cautioned of $2 billion duty bill. Global Tax Review, 21(6), 6-8. Hass, M. (2006) Management of development in arrange enterprises: The portable web in japan and europe, Weisbaden, Deutscher Universitatsverlag. Jankovic, M. (2010) Global correspondences bulletin. IEEE Communications Magazine, 48(11), 1-4. Jung, Y. Ibanez, A. A. (2010) Improving remote voip quality by utilizing versatile bundle coding. Gadgets Letters, 46(6), 459-460. Mc (2012) Vodafone becomes vodafone. Showcasing (00253650), 11-11. Mishra, G., Makkar, T., Gupta, A., Vaidyanathan, M., Sarin, S. Bajaj, G. (2010) New media encounters: Dealing with the distinct advantage. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 35(3), 91-97. Nayak, R. Pai, G. (2012) India: Sc decides for vodafone. Global Tax Review, 23(2), 51-51. Savitz, E. (2012) Will verizon offer for vodafoneNo, in all likelihood not. Forbes.com, 49-49. Shin, D.- H. (2012) What makes customers use voip over versatile phonesFree riding or consumerization of new assistance. Media communications Policy, 36(4), 311-323. Te-Yuan, H., Huang, P., Kuan-Ta, C. Po-Jung, W. (2010) Could skype be more satisfyingA qoe-driven investigation of the fec instrument in a web scale voip framework. (main story). IEEE Network, 24(2), 42-48. Uzama, A. (2009) A basic audit of market section determination and venture into japan’s showcase. Diary of Global Marketing, 22(4), 279-298. Step by step instructions to refer to Vodafone Group Market A

Using Goal Essay Samples To Design And Write An Effective Essay

Using Goal Essay Samples To Design And Write An Effective EssayIf you have just started writing your own essays, you may be familiar with the term 'short term goals essay samples.' A goal essay is an essay that gives a personal description of what you hope to accomplish when it comes to that certain subject. They can also provide additional ideas and tips to help make it easier for the reader to understand what you mean by your statement.It is helpful to learn about short term goals essay samples and how they can be used in essays for school. They are very valuable and often times necessary in making sure that you are clearly stating your objectives and that the writer for the assignment is not confused with what you are trying to say. Additionally, they will make certain the writing style of the assignment is clear and understandable to the reader.Short term goals essay samples provide ideas and advice to help you clarify your needs and desires. They may include plans, goals, tasks, and strategies that are appropriate for college students, high school students, and adults. Depending on the nature of the project, some goals may be harder to follow than others. Most writers use them as examples of how they should express their goal.Although short term goals essay samples can be used for all writing assignments, they are most likely to be utilized for essays that require the most clarity. You might be writing for a test or for a teacher. These types of assignments will be completed faster if there is as little confusion as possible when describing the goals of the assignment.You can use them for all subjects and topics. The writing samples are available in many forms so you do not have to stick to the common ones. A few of the examples that are used for most assignments are the form that the essay is presented in, its wordiness, and how the various parts of the essay fit together. This allows the student to compare and contrast different ideas and suggestions wit h the rest of the essay, and helps the student to determine what would best apply to the project at hand.Short term goal essay samples are used by many people to help them write in a clear and concise manner. When they learn the proper techniques, they can create a whole that is focused and well structured. If they understand how to express their needs and desires, they will be able to provide the information that the reader will need to understand and see the project clearly. They will also be more likely to provide the full purpose of the essay.Many people choose to use goal essay samples because they offer more than most people find useful in creating essays. They also give the writer a chance to discuss other ideas and concepts that relate to the topic. Although a topic is discussed in the essay, you also get the opportunity to add details and ideas to help describe the subject matter to the reader.When you begin to learn about goal essay samples, it is easy to see how they can be used for many things. They allow the student to focus in on what they want to express and how they want to express it. They also offer you a way to provide explanations and clues that will help the reader see what is going on and make it easier for them to understand the essay that they are reading. Using goal essay samples can give you even more freedom and allow you to express yourself more freely.

Presidents Following the Civil War

Comparision of The Soldier and Dulce et Decorum Est Essay

â€Å"Compare and contrast â€Å"The Soldier† by Rupert Brooke with â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen with regard to theme, tone, imagery, diction, metre, etc† The Soldier by Rupert Brooke, and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen are two poems which were written during the First World War, and both being written about this conflict, they share the same theme of war poetry. However, the two poems deal very differently with the subject of war, resulting in two very different pieces of writing. When considering the structure of the poems, they are similar in that they are both written loosely in iambic pentameter. Also, they both have a notable structured rhyme scheme. Concerning The Soldier, this poem is written in a classic†¦show more content†¦What is typically found in this type of sonnet is a problem being presented in the octave and the resolution in the sestet; however in this poem there is no such shift. By not implementing this change, Brooke can maintain his theme of patriotism throughout. Wilfred Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est is also written in iambic pentameter, however this rhythm is notably disrupted at one main specific point; when the mustard gas is dropped â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling† This break in the established metre may have been included to represent the sense of panic that would have flooded the soldiers involved. This is also apparent in the line which describes the soldier ‘drowning’ in the gas. The final intentional disruption to the established rhythm comes in the final line, where it appears Owen is purposefully leaving iambic pentameter altogether, as if the words he is writing do not warrant being placed into an attractive pattern, due to the disgust he feels towards them. Therefore we have two poems which are deliberately changing their structure from the norm in order to create effect. However, these effects have totally different intentions, which lead to the end of the similarities and the first of many differences between the two poems. Owen’s poem has the clear intention of showing the true nature of war to the reader, which is mainly achieved by contrasting reality against the ways in which war is so

Ethnic, Religious And Cultural Practices During Pregnancy

Ethnic, Religious and Cultural practices during Pregnancy: Native Americans vs. Western Culture The United States of America is a global village, a melting pot of various different ethnic and cultural beliefs. We are a land of many colors, traditions, and histories. With this diversity comes many challenges. As a healthcare provider this creates some challenges when working and caring for individuals who may not have the same skin color, language, health practices beliefs and values as our own (Pearson, E., 2011). Regarded as North America’s â€Å"First People†, the Native Americans consisted of hundreds of separate cultures and tribes, each with their own belief systems, social structures, cultural and political practices (Pritzker, B., 2008). According to Pearson (2011), men were responsible for hunting, warfare, and interacting with outsiders, therefore, they had more visible public roles. Native American women, on the other hand, were often viewed as the creator of life, through giving birth to children. They managed most of the internal operations of the community such as household chores, engaged in agricultural food production, and child-rearing. Some beliefs held by most Natives were the importance of caring for the physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing of a woman during pregnancy and its effects on the fetus. The Navajo Indians in particular call themselves Dinee, â€Å"the people†, most settled in northern Arizona, Utah and New Mexico and occupies overShow MoreRelatedEthnic, Religious And Cultural Practices During Pregnancy1605 Words   |  7 PagesEthnic, Religious and Cultural practices during Pregnancy: Native Americans vs. Western Culture The United States of America is a global village, a melting pot of various different ethnic and cultural beliefs. We are a land of many colors, traditions, and histories. With this diversity comes many challenges. 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Using this tool will guide the user into making non-stereotyped assumptions about the heritage of a patient. The Heritage Assessment Tool allows the interviewer to gather a deeper understanding of the traditions that make up the health background of certain individuals or groups. ThreeRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Victims And Varies1700 Words   |  7 Pagesquiet and attentive to the needs of her partner/spouse and children. It is culturally expected that the females in Hispanic culture bear the responsibility of caring for other family members, often times before caring for them selves. This is a huge cultural barrier in escaping occurrence of domestic violence once it has begun. Their male counterparts take an assertive role as head of the household and are responsible for providing for the family. This power differential places the men at an advantage

Participative Intervention Improve Employee â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Participative Intervention Improve Employee? Answer: Introduction Organization behavior is the process of analyzing the ways staffs relate to one another and their social system in the organization and how they undertake their duties (Lima Canbarro 2015, p.16). The main aim of organizational behavior is to create a cordial relationship through achieving the personal objectives, social vision and the goals of the organization. The process of learning the organization behaviors requires an in-depth understanding of individual actions and skills and then as a group at large to come up with the best working team. The continuous growth of demand for the personal care products has intensified the rate of increase of the industries such as Kimberly Clark Corporation. Therefore, this article looks at the importance of selecting the right employee, job design, redesign and improvement of the redesigned job about Kimberly Clark Corporation. Importance of Selection Right Employee Employee selection a vital process in every organization entails the stages of recruiting and hiring staffs by the laid down qualifications for a specified job in that organization (Fabel Pascalau 2013). Each employee has different background and a skill making the task of bringing them together to work as a team is of high importance. The success of an organization, therefore, depends on the capability of the employees to work as a team with minimum or no supervision. The staff selections are controlled by the availability of the qualified applicants, the geographical location of the company, for example, is it located in town or remote areas. Companys Background Kimberly Clark Corporation is American multinational funded in Neenah in the year 1872 by three people namely; John A Kimberly, Havilah Babcock, Charles B. Clark and Franklyn C. Shattuck with a capital of $42000 (Shaik et al 2011, p.456). Initially, Kimberly Clark mainly produced paper mills products and continually expanded in its products by opening its branches in almost 35 countries such as Mexico, West Germany and the United Kingdom with its products currently sold in more than 175 countries . The Kimberly Clark now focuses on the production of personal care products such as Huggies that are disposable infants diapers, Cottonelle a bath product, Kleenex a facial tissue, Kotex a feminine hygiene product, Little Swimmers a disposable swim diaper, Scotts a paper napkin, towel and wipes . These products occupied a large share of global market increasing the sales from $ 519m in 2005 to more than $1bn in 2008 while operating income soared from $63m in 2005 to $200m in 2008 Employment Market Conditions The total population of the United States that are aged 16 and above is 243 million; with 156 million Americans in the labor force in June 2013 therefore 90 million are unemployed (Byun et al 2015, p.32). Kimberly Clark is a world leading corporation that has a total of 43 000 employees in different categories such as the administrative service communication, finance, and accounting, health services, human resource (Caliendo 2015, p.1025). Among the 43000, Kimberly employees, 34000 are Americans while 9,000 are from other countries. Job design, also known as task design is the fundamental function of human resource management in every organization. It entails specification of contents, methods and relationship in the workplace to satisfy all technological, social personal and organizational requirements (Daniel et al 2013,p. 211). Job design mainly integrates the task responsibilities and certain qualifications by outlining the activities that are supposed to be done. Job design has the following aspects, the work organization that involves the teaming up and division of labor. Job structuring that includes the assigning of the responsibilities and location that includes the creation of a timetable for specific activities and responsibilities. The job design helps in improving job satisfaction, enhance the quality of products and services and reducing employee problems such as grievances. For successful job design, the following logical steps should be followed. The first step of the job design process involves the specification of the principles that every management should consider (Daniel et at 2013, p.216). The principles entail the skills, abilities, needs, and motivation of job incumbent. The Kimberly Clark Corporation has employed the skilled employees from the management to the casual that can perform their duties well as specified. The Kimberly Clark has applied various components in recruiting staffs, for example women in rural areas that are less populated through partnering with the ladies associations in the United States to gain the gender-based policy and also Kimberly Clark asked the saleswomen to join the recruiting team to offer speech to the universities students hence they end up getting the correct employees. The second stage is the process of completing the questionnaire Ideal Job Characteristics of the Specified Staff. The feedback collected should conform to the agreed principles that are applied in the specified positions in the organization. The Kimberly Clark has achieved this by making a sound management structure that has changed wherever there is a need for restructuring (Daniel et al 2013, p.2017). The management applies what is known as the horizontal coordination of the departments that enables the cordial coordination of the activities of all the departments such as the research, the marketing, and the production department. The research personnel provide information to the marketing team of the new technical developments of the consumer products so as they can learn whether the new developments apply to customers. The marketing and sales department later provides customers feedback on any product in the market to the production team for appropriate action. The horizontal coo rdination through the cross-functional teams has increased quantity, quality, and varieties of new products produced by all the departments to participate in every decision mainly when launching a new product. The final step comprises the comparison of the alternative job and the work organization design which includes the following; work organization, working conditions, social conditions and the career opportunities. Job redesign is the process of restructuring all the elements of duty, task, and responsibilities of a specified job to make it more motivating to the employees and economical to the production (Eklund Erlandsson 2013). Job redesigning involves revising, analyzing, altering, reforming and reshuffling the entire job-related content and dimensions so as to place the right person in the right job and get the maximum output. Revising the job content includes the recollecting and revising all the information related to that specified position to determine whether the staff is consistent with the job. Analyzing the information related to job involves the determination of all the obstacles to the job performance, for example, investigating why a particular staff is unable to deliver the expected output through the use of the information collected. Altering is the process of amending the job elements by doing away with the obstacles that affected the production delivery, for example, the ma nager may decide to cut back the responsibilities of that particular staff to motivate the team to work harder and perform better hence increasing the productivity. The reformation stage involves the communication of the new tasks and responsibilities to be done after the alteration. The main aim of reform is to make sure that the staff assigned to a particular task can deliver the expected output. The final stage of job redesign is the reshuffling of the work and duties to employees through rotating, enriching, enlarging and engineering the job to motivate the employees adequately. The manager can achieve job redesign through the following ways; job enrichment, job enlargement, and job rotation (Holman Axtell 2016, p.286). Job enrichment enables an employee to acquire more duties to perform, more responsibility and more authority that are required to complete the provided job. The additional tasks must always match with the skills, knowledge, and abilities of that particular staff so as to facilitate an increase in motivation. For example, Jane a receptionist in Kimberly Clark, whose duties are receiving the customers calls, welcoming of guests and setting up appointments with the manager, may at times feel bored when there are no guests or might be bored. The receptionist might consider an option of looking for another job that might offer her challenges; therefore, the manager should motivate the receptionist not to quit by enriching her job with more tasks like coming up with an organization promotional campaign that will oversee the sales of the company. T hrough the job enrichment, the receptionist will not get bored due to the increased responsibility. Job enlargement is the task redesign strategy that aims at increasing only functions of a particular job and is limited since it does not provide additional responsibilities like job enrichment. It is a process that allows every staff to determine their limits to give quality output while addressing the mistakes ( Holman Axtell 2016,p.288). Job enlargement is very useful in the reduction of monotony that associates with doing a particular duty every day, thereby motivates the employee more. For example, John marketing and sales personnel in Kimberly Clark who is assigned a particular region to promote the company products may get used to the customers, and the activities that happen in that region hence gets bored. The manager, therefore, may add an extra region to John to cover up hence removing the everyday routine of following one route. Through, this John is capable of facing different challenges from customers thereby increasing the urge to do the job. Job rotation is the final stage of job redesign process that aims at assigning workers to an alternative position on a temporary basis. Job rotation is useful in some ways (Holman Axtell 2016, p.290). First, it enables employees to have a chance to learn new things and perform new tasks beyond their regular jobs. Secondly, it allows the employees to have a broader perspective on the operation of the organization. Thirdly, it improves the employees understanding of the responsibilities assigned to the core workers that eventually leads to higher respect to one another within the organization and finally, it offers an opportunity to an employee to gain additional skills that increase their value to the organization. For example, James, research personnel in Kimberly Clark Corporation may be assigned to undertake the marketing and sales position for a specified period. During that time, James is capable of facing all the challenges that a John always experiences, can learn the customer s needs and specifications. All the informations gained by James will assist him in undertaking the research work of the products to come up with the best new product. Alternative Work Arrangements Alternative work arrangements refer to the variations from the standard work schedule, and they include job sharing, flextime, and telecommuting (Sweet et al 2014, p. 120). Flextime refers to the fluctuating and ending times during the workday or workweek. It allows the adjustment of the arrival and departure time for the staff subject to the approval by the management; for example, the workers may opt to commence their work at 7.00 a.m or 8.00a.m and choose to leave at 4.00 a.m or 5.00 a.m but in approval of the management. The staff will, therefore, be required to avail themselves at work during the scheduled hours and must work for a standard of seven and a half hours a day. This arrangement offers the employees with freedom and ample time to perform their duties such as attending to family issues reducing the stress and work-life conflict hence increase the employee satisfaction. Job sharing is a situation whereby two or more qualified persons fill an approved specified full-time position and share equally the responsibilities of the job in different work schedule to a total of hours that does not exceed 40 hours a week (Freeman Coll 2009, p.65). The arrangement allows the organization to retain valuable staffs that have other personal responsibilities that hinder them from working full-time thereby allowing them to work during specified times known as shifts. Job sharing requires proper cooperation and coordination to ensure the smooth running of the organization's activities as stipulated. Proper communication is always critical between the two employees and the management. Therefore, the following guidelines should always be taken into account when administering job sharing ;Both employees to have the same job title, to be classified as part-time staff, to be eligible for the benefits that are available to part-time staff, to combine their effort to finis h the workload assigned, both employees together with manager should coordinate a pre-scheduled time off and cover up for each when need arises and the manager must ensure that the expense of the job shared does not exceed the payroll expense for the full-time Telecommuting or telework refers to an arrangement that allows employees to perform the assigned duties from their home or a location of interest rather than the designated place of work (Freeman Coll 2009, p.67). The telework offers the employees with an opportunity to cultivate the rewarding career and a relationship that is professional by balancing work-related stresses and family activities. The arrangements are advantageous to many employees such as the disabled, those that require particular need or the lactating mothers. Kimberly Clark offers the method to the saleswomen who are undergoing specified problems to enable them to work comfortably. Telecommuting decreases the overhead costs such as office expenses, boost employee's productivity and efficiency as a result of reduced wastage time. However, the arrangement makes it difficult to monitor how the employee performs the assigned duty thus may compromise the quality of the output. Therefore, the manager should always anal yze any telecommuting request in accordance with the following guidelines; the manager should satisfy that the employee position does not require face-face communication with the customer, the tasks can be efficiently undertaken in a different location, the employee knowledgeable of the task and can perform the duty under minimal supervision, the employee must meet the deadline specified and the worker agrees to attend all the pre-scheduled work meetings. Job redesign has the following advantages; it enhances the quality of the work-life of employees since it aims at motivating them thereby the organization acquires improved performance (Freeman Coll 2009, p.68). Job redesign brings the sense of belongingness to the employees since it allows employees to do what they are best at and feel satisfied. The strategy is always the best way to keep employees away from being taken away with the rival company. The job redesigning increases the organization and staffs performance since the altered positions place the employees at the particular places that they are best at and feel comfortable hence they perform their tasks with satisfaction. The job redesign also creates right person-job fit to harness the full potential of each of them. Improvements in Designing the Jobs Kimberly Clark applies a one-day promotion known as expert acceleration sessions that brings together the hand-picked outside thought leaders face to face with business teams to challenge their thinking and create game-changing strategies ( Sweet et al 2014 ,p.120). Through this, the management gets an opportunity to learn the new lifestyle of the consumers hence offering them a challenge on how to address the issues with their products. Conclusion Organizational behavior involves studying, analyzing on how employees act and perform their duties in organizations. Therefore, for the success of an organization, the management should understand the behavior of the entire employees and offer the best methods through the job design, redesign, rotation, and flextime that will provide a harmonious working place. The employees will then strive to work hard and better that will see to the fulfillment of the objectives in a good working conditio. List of References Byun, K, Henderson, R, Toossi, M 2015, 'Evaluation of BLS employment, labor force and macroeconomic projections to 2006, 2008, and 2010', Monthly Labor Review, pp. 1-47. Caliendo, M, Knn, S 2015, 'Getting back into the labor market: the effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females', Journal Of Population Economics, 28, 4, pp. 1005-1043 . Cappelli, P, Keller, J 2013, 'Classifying Work In The New Economy', Academy Of Management Review, 38, 4, pp. 575-596. Carson II, LC 2013, 'Employment Opportunities and Conditions for the African-American Legal Professoriate: Perspectives from the Inside', Texas Journal On Civil Liberties Civil Rights, 19, 1, pp. 1-108. Daniels, K, Glover, J, Beesley, N, Wimalasiri, V, Cohen, L, Cheyne, A, Hislop, D 2013, 'Utilizing job resources: Qualitative evidence of the roles of job control and social support in problem solving', Work Stress, 27, 2, pp. 200-221. Eklund, M, Erlandsson, L 2013, 'Quality of life and client satisfaction as outcomes of the Redesigning Daily Occupations (ReDO) programme for women with stress-related disorders: A comparative study', Work, 46, 1, pp. 51-58. Fabel, O, Pascalau, R 2013, 'Recruitment of Seemingly Overeducated Personnel: InsiderOutsider Effects on Fair Employee Selection Practices', International Journal Of The Economics Of Business, 20, 1, pp. 57-82. Freeman, B, Coll, K 2009, 'Solutions to Faculty Work Overload: A Study of Job Sharing', Career Development Quarterly, 58, 1, pp. 65-70. HEESE, J, KRISHNAN, R, MOERS, F 2016, 'Selective Regulator Decoupling And Organizations' Strategic Responses ', Academy Of Management Journal, 59, 6, pp. 2178-2204. Holman, D, Axtell, C 2016, 'Can job redesign interventions influence a broad range of employee outcomes by changing multiple job characteristics? A quasi-experimental study', Journal Of Occupational Health Psychology, 21, 3, pp. 284-295. Janevic, M, Stoll, S, Wilkin, M, Song, P, Baptist, A, Lara, M, Ramos-Valencia, G, Bryant-Stephens, T, Persky, V, Uyeda, K, Lesch, J, Wen, W, Malveaux, F 2016, 'Pediatric Asthma Care Coordination in Underserved Communities: A Quasiexperimental Study', American Journal Of Public Health, 106, 11, pp. 2012-2018. JooBong, S, Chaiwoo, L, WonJung, L, Sangwoo, B, ChanJu, J, Myung Hwan, Y 2016, 'Development of a job rotation scheduling algorithm for minimizing accumulated work load per body parts', Work, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 511-521. JooBong, S, Chaiwoo, L, WonJung, L, Sangwoo, B, ChanJu, J, Myung Hwan, Y 2016, 'Development of a job rotation scheduling algorithm for minimizing accumulated work load per body parts', Work, 53, 3, pp. 511-521. Lima, C, Canbarro, D 2015, 'Role Perception In The Organizational Behavior For The Organizational Innovation Accord ', Scholedge International Journal Of Management Development, 2, 3, pp. 14-18. Noonan, M, Glass, J 2012, 'The hard truth about telecommuting', Monthly Labor Review, 135, 6, pp. 38-45. Richmond, R, Morrison, K, Pilikyan, N 2017, 'Hiring Lateral Employees? Consider How to Minimize the Risk of Trade Secret Litigation', Employee Relations Law Journal, 43, 2, pp. 45-49. Shaikh, N, Prabhu, V, Abril, D, Snchez, D, Arias, J, Rodrguez, E, Riao, G 2011, 'Kimberly-Clark Latin America Builds an Optimization-Based System for Machine Scheduling', Interfaces, 41, 5, pp. 455-465. Srensen, O, Holman, D 2014, 'A participative intervention to improve employee well-being in knowledge work jobs: A mixed-methods evaluation study', Work Stress, 28, 1, pp. 67-86. Sweet, S, Pitt-Catsouphes, M, Besen, E, Golden, L 2014, 'Explaining organizational variation in flexible work arrangements: why the pattern and scale of availability matter', Community, Work Family, 17, 2, pp. 115-141. YINBIN, L, HONGDAN, Z, SHEARD, G 2017, 'ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP PRESSURE, COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR, AND WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT', Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 45, 4, pp. 695-704.

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Example

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Introduction Melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine ) is a omnipresent molecule, synthesised chiefly in the pineal secretory organ, secondary beginnings are in the retina, the GI piece of land, tegument, bone marrow and lymphocytes.1 It was foremost characterised after its isolation from bovid pineal secretory organs and structurally identified in 1958 by Lerner et al.2 The construction of melatonin ( Fig. 1 ) explains its diverseness with respects to its maps. The two functional groups define the molecule s amphiphilitic nature and specificity of receptor binding.3 Due to melatonin being both lipid and H2O soluble, it is non confined to one cellular compartment. Exogenously added melatonin can readily go through through the blood-brain barrier and be easy distributed to all subcellular compartments, which makes this molecule really versatile.4 We will write a custom essay sample on Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Melatonin has assorted maps ; it is of import as an index of clip and day of the month and is considered to be the organic structure s chronological pacemaker.1 It is besides known to be a really effectual antioxidant, has immune-enhancing belongingss, is cytoprotective, has anti-apoptotic signalling map every bit good as oncostatic properties.1 The engagement of melatonin in such a wide scope of critical maps in the organic structure makes it pharmacologically a really interesting compound, but melatonin is sold as a nutrient addendum and is non-patentable harmonizing to the US FDA as a consequence. Therefore melatonergic agonists or melatonin parallels that are patentable are of greater involvement to the pharmacological industry.5 Pharmacological and/or biological activity Overview In pinealocytes ( cells of the pineal secretory organ ) tryptophan is converted to serotonin via 5-hydroxytryptophan after which it is acetylated to organize N-acetylserotonin by arylakylamine N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) . By the action of Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase ( HIOMT ) N-Acetylserotonin can be converted to melatonin.1 Alternatively, melatonin can be formed by N-acetylation of 5-methoxytryptamine. In most articles AA-NAT is said to be the rate-limiting enzyme3,7,8, but it is suggested that HIOMT might be a rate restricting enzyme in some cases6. Melatonin biogenesis is mostly regulated by the light/dark rhythm via the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) in the hypothalamus. Specialized nerve cells in the eyes respond to visible radiation and reassign the message to the SCN. The message is transduced in a roundabout tract to the pineal secretory organ. Melatonin synthesis is triggered by darkness. Norepinephrine is secreted during nighttime and twosomes to beta-adrenergic receptors. This consequences in camp formation and finally stimulation of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) .7 Extrapineal melatonin is non regulated by circadian beat, nevertheless and it is hypothesised that it is produced as a agency of protection in response to certain stressors, eg. Ultraviolet radiation, pollutants, infections etc. that may ensue in oxidative emphasis or inflammation.6 Go arounding melatonin is chiefly metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP2C19 in the liver or CYP1B1 at extrahepatic sites.6 Resulting 6-hydroxymelatonin by CYP1A, CYP1A2 or CYP1B1 can be conjugated with sulphate ( and glucoronide to a lesser extent ) to organize a more hydrophilic compound, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin ( aMT6S ) , which can be excreted in piss by the kidney.1 CYP2C19 or CYP1A2 are cytochromes involved in the demethylation of melatonin to N-acetylserotonin. 6-Hydroxymelatonin is non merely formed through enzymatic agencies as stated above, but besides through the interaction of melatonin with reactive O species ( ROS ) and reactive N species ( RNS ) .6 Melatonin has the ability to neutralize free groups, ROS and RNS every bit good as stimulate antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4,9 Other metabolites of melatonin include 2-hydroxymelatonin, which is postulated to be a merchandise of melatonin s reaction with ROS/RNS,6 every bit good as cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin ( C3-OHM ) , N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AFMK ) and N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AMK ) . The parent endocrine, melatonin, and its metabolites are of import in protecting cells from harm by free groups and reactive O and reactive N species. Melatonin metamorphosis by cytochrome P450 enzymes Pineal melatonin is metabolized to 6-hydroxymelatonin chiefly and it was found that CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and CYP2C19 are the enzymes responsible for the production of this metabolite.1,6,10 Melatonin can besides be converted into N-acetylserotonin which is besides a precursor for its synthesis ( fig.1 ) 1. Both 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin can be excreted in the piss after junction with sulfate and/or glucoronide. A survey conducted by Facciola et Al. ( 2001 ) 11 determined CYP1A2 to be the chief cytochrome P450 enzyme responsible for 6-hydroxylation of melatonin. In a survey that was conducted by Ma et Al. ( 2005 ) 10, melatonin 6-hydroxylation and O-demethylation rates were measured to measure the possible function of 11 cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes in melatonin metamorphosis ( figure 2 ) 10. It was found that 6-hydroxylation was chiefly carried out by CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and to a lesser extent CYP2C19 ( fig.2 A ) wherease O-demethylation occurred about chiefly due to the action of CYP2C19 and to a minimal grade by CYP1A2 ( fig.2 B ) . Inhibitory action of melatonin on human cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 In a recent survey by Chang et Al. ( 2010 ) 12 the hypothesis that melatonin inhibits catalytic activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 along with CYP2A6 was tested, along with its consequence on the change of human CYP1 cistron look and on the activity of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AhR ) . A important consequence could turn out utile during malignant neoplastic disease therapy since these enzymes were found to be procarcinogen-bioactivating enzymes of benzo [ a ] pyrene or 7,12-dimethyl-benz [ a ] anthracene. Inhibition of look or decrease in catalytic activity of these cytochrome P450 isozymes may cut down the production of carcinogenic metabolites from these substrates. As described in the old subdivision, melatonin is metabolised by CYPs 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1. Therefore, its repressive consequence may be due to it viing with the procarcinogenic substrate for the enzymes active sites, although the exact mechanism of suppression is ill-defined. The survey mentioned that endogenous melatonin does non exercise repressive effects and resultingly a pharmacological potency in developing parallels of melatonin that could potentially suppress these enzymes and prevent CYP1 mediated carcinogenesis is created.12 Activity of melatonin with AhR and melatonin s consequence on CYP1 cistron look was found to be undistinguished. Fluvoxamine and melatonin Fluvoxamine ( FLU ) , an antidepressant, was found to increase serum melatonin degrees and a survey was conducted by von Bahr et Al. ( 2000 ) 13 to find whether citalopram ( CIT ) besides affects these degrees. The article concluded that CIT in fact does non hold the same consequence as FLU does. It did nevertheless set up a clear relationship between the degrees of melatonin and concentrations of FLU in the plasma of the subjects.13 FLU is an inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 and thereby prevents these enzymes from metabolizing melatonin into its metabolites ; resultantly an addition in the degrees of serum melatonin was witnessed. Melatonin as a free extremist scavenger and antioxidant Melatonin and its metabolites have the possible to move as free extremist scavengers and can neutralize reactive O species ( ROS ) and reactive N species ( RNS ) every bit good as up-regulate antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4 The free extremist dioxide ( O2- ) can be generated due to cellular respiration, due to environmental factors or oxidative explosion of macrophages. The toxicity of the O2- is considered to be low 9 but if it reacts with azotic oxide ( NO†¢ ) it can bring forth ONOO- capable of making molecular harm. SOD converts dioxide to hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) which is non genuinely a free group, but if non catabolised to organize H2O and O2 via CAT or to H2O via GSH-Px, can be metabolised to the highly toxic hydroxyl extremist ( †¢OH ) . As can be seen in the figure, this free group can bring on DNA harm, lipid peroxidation or make harm to proteins. Melatonin can be converted into a metabolite cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin when it reacts with two hydroxyl groups, which has been found to be excreted in the urine.1,9 An AFMK tract ( figure 5 ) 1 besides exists that is evident capable of scavenging up to 10 ROS/RNS.6 AFMK and AMK are powerful free extremist scavengers and defenders against oxidative emphasis, but besides has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects by suppressing tumour mortification factor-alpha ( TNFa ) and interleukin-8 formation ( IL-8 ) and synthesis of prostaglandins.6 The chief metabolite of melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin, can besides be generated in melatonin s reaction with ROS/RNS, every bit good as another melatonin metabolite, 2-hydroxymelatonin.6 Melatonin and its chronobiotic effects Melatonin is a major regulator of the circadian beat and acts via the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) in the hypothalamus. Melatonin acts through MT1 and MT2 receptors in the SCN and MT1 is associated with repressive effects of electrical activity in SCN nerve cells, whereas melatonin s actions on MT2 are involved with the ordinance of the circadian rhythm.5 Melatonin synthesis extremums during the dark stage and is inhibited by visible radiation. Exogenous melatonin disposal at certain clip periods consequences in displacements in the circadian beat. It is hence considered to be utile in the intervention of jet slowdown and in publicity of reposeful slumber, although melatonin is likely non a direct hypnotic.7 Decision Melatonin is a compound with so many diverse maps in the organic structure, for illustration its regulative function in circadian beat, antioxidant and oncostatic belongingss. This compound is of pharmacological significance, but is besides sold amp ; lsquo ; over the counter A ; rsquo ; as a nutrient addendum and is resultantly non patentable. This restricts pharmacological involvement to a certain extent, although the development of melatonin parallels that are more efficient in its capableness to exercise these maps, for illustration increased half life with retension of consequence, may be of important value for research workers and the pharmaceutical industry. Melatonin is besides involved in the protection against neurodegenerative diseases, depression and immune map. There is no uncertainty as to how of import melatonin is with respects to physiological operation is in populating beings. It is critical for our perceptual experience of clip and day of the month and is protects us from risky environmental agents every bit good as from ourselves ( eg, the free groups produced via natural O metamorphosis with which we can non be without ) . More research into the mechanisms by which melatonin exerts its antioxidant effects and how extrapineal melatonin can be induced or inhibited every bit good as drug-drug interactions would be of great benefit when developing curative schemes in the combat of diseases, such as Alzheimer s Disease, Parkinson s Disease, insomnia, diseases of the immune system, malignant neoplastic disease and many more. Mentions Pandi-Perumal et Al. Melatonin: Nature s most various biological signal Lerner A.B. , Case J.D. , Takahashi Y ( 1958 ) Isolation of melatonin, a pineal factor that lightens melanocytes. J.Am.Chem.Soc. 80: 2587 Hardeland R. , Pandi-Perumal S.R. , Cardinali D.P. ( 2006 ) Molecules in focal point: Melatonin. The International Journal of Biochemistry A ; Cell Biology 38: 313-316 Reiter R.J. ( 1995 ) Oxidative Procedures and Antioxidative defence mechanisms in the aging encephalon. FASEB J. 9: 526-533 Pandi-Perumal S.R. , Srinivasan V. , Poeggeler B. , Hardeland R. ( 2007 ) Drug penetration: usage of melatonergic agonists for intervention of insomnia focal point on ramelteon. Nature Clinical Practice Tan et. Al ( 2007 ) One molecule, many derived functions: A ceaseless interaction of melatonin with reactive O and N species Reiter R.J. ( 2003 ) Melatonin: clinical relevancy Best Practice A ; Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 17, No.2. pp. 273-285 Claustrat et. Al ( 2005 ) The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin Sleep Medicine Reviews 9: 11-24 Reiter R.J. et Al ( 2000 ) Actions of Melatonin in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress. J.Biomed.Sci 7: 444-458 Ma. et Al ( 2005 ) Metamorphosis of melatonin by human cytochromes P450 DMD 33: 489-494 Facciola et. Al ( 2001 ) Cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in melatonin metamorphosis in humanliver microsomes Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56: 881-888 Chang et Al. ( 2010 ) Inhibition of procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes by melatonin J. Pineal Res. 48: 55-64 von Bahr et Al. ( 2000 ) Fluvoxamine but non citalopram additions serum melatonin in healthy topics an indicant that cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 hydroxylate melatonin

The Hawthorn studies Essays

The Hawthorn studies Essays The Hawthorn studies Essay The Hawthorn studies Essay The Hawthorn Studies took place in Western Electric Companys Hawthorne works in Chicago between 1924 and 1932. Originally setting out with the objective to find the relationship between physical environment and productivity, their conclusion was far different. Stephen P. Robbins (2000, p93) The Hawthorn Studies made an important contribution to our understanding of group behaviour. Before the contribution of the Hawthorne studies very different theories were prominent within organisations. Rather than a Human Resource culture, scientific management such as Fordism and Taylorism were popular, and these theories concentrated on the workers motivation to work being money. Many believe that the Hawthorn studies were a precursor to the Human Relations approach that is in wide use today. That the findings of the studies led to more research into behaviour at work, rather than concentrating on other production varying factors. To show how much of a contribution the studies made to the understanding of behaviour at work, it is also necessary to look into modern studies. This is so that the value of the initial Hawthorn Studies can be gauged in how studies and theories were approached in their wake. When the Hawthorne Studies began, the aim was to find a relationship between workers physical environment and their output. This task was much in tune with the scientific management approach which measured workers an attempted to increase production by increased efficiency. Firstly, a study into the effect of lighting on production took place. Rather than find a direct relationship as expected, it was found that groups under close observation had rising production. This rise in output was independent from any changes in the lighting, and this could not be explained. Looking for answers into the rising production, new experiments were setup and overseen by Harvard Professor Elton Mayo. During the next phase of experiments in the relay assembly test room, a small group of women workers were isolated so that they could be studied more carefully. Over a multiyear period it was found that this small groups production was increasing steadily. Sickness and absence also dropped to a third of that in the rest of the factory. The conclusion was that the women saw themselves as a special group, and this was resulting in the increased production. A third phase of the experiment was setup in the bank wiring observation room. The aim of this experiment was to ascertain the effect of a piece rate wage incentive plan. Assumptions were made that individuals would maximise their own output and therefore their earnings. However the study discovered that the employees did not individually maximise their performance. Instead the output was controlled by their group. Stephen P. Robbins (2000, p92) Their output became controlled by a norm that determined what was a proper days work. This conclusion was very different from previous theories where it was assumed that a workers motivation came from pay and conditions. Morgan Witzel (2000, p8) By the time the project was finished, ten years later, its scope had been widened to include nearly every factor, psychological and physical, personal and professional, in work and home life, which might affect the employee and his or her performance, and more than 20,000 people had been studied and interviewed. So although setting out with intentions of carrying on scientific management, the Hawthorn studies uncovered new theories and observations of motivation and employee behaviour. In order to assess the contribution of the Hawthorne Studies, we must look at how behaviour at work was understood before them, and the theories that were utilised by management. Scientific management was born in the early 1900s by Frederick W Taylor. Taylors theories were very different to those born out of the Hawthorn Studies. Tony J. Watson (1980, p44) Taylorism sees the worker basically as an economic animal, a self-seeking non-social individual who prefers managers to do their job- related thinking for them. Using this model of the motivation to work of employees, management simply needed to organize the work and offer monetary incentives which would increase production. Many large organizations such as Ford adopted this strategy, and scientific management was the accepted management theory. Taylor was the first to write on the subject of scientific management, but it was Henry Ford who famously implemented it. Fordism treated workers as another machine and had very simplistic assumptions regarding motivation to work. Taking scientific management on board, these companies were also accepting that their employees behaviour was dependent on pay and conditions. It was not that these companies dismissed other factors, more that they were as yet undiscovered. There were however many critics of Scientific Management and some problems associated with it. Many union leaders were concerned by the practises of introducing this system, not by the higher rates of pay and security offered by some practises. It was the practises where employers introduced piece-rate wages then cut the rates as soon as higher production was reached. Other practises which had introduced correct rates, found production did not meet targets set, and punitive action was then taken. Because Scientific Management did not take into account groups and social behaviour, if targets were not met there was no other explanation other than the workers were not trying their best. It was not until the conclusions of the Hawthorne Studies that other factors were taken into account, and more explanations of workers behaviour could be made. It is widely recognized that the Hawthorne Studies were key in the development of HR (Human Relations) concept. Buchanan, D. and Huczynski, A (1985, p186) Companies concluded that the employees receptivity to managements goals depended on the extent to which the boss could meet employees social needs, such as that for acceptance. In this sense, the human relations approach to management was born. This approach is widely used today and takes into account the factors such as groups and social variables, which were documented during the Hawthorn Studies. To Human Relations theorists, management need to provide a work environment, within which employees can fulfil their social needs. These social needs were identified from the Hawthorn studies, and have since been used in many HR models. Management can use this information to introduce modern techniques such as team building, communication and supportive supervision. All of these techniques, as with scientific management are implemented to managerial needs, and ultimately to increase productivity. Other studies have since been carried out in the wake of the Hawthorne observations. The Luton studies conducted by Goldthorpe et al (1962) were carried out to establish the workers orientation to work. Workers there were well paid and perceived their work as a means to secure pay and security. The employees orientation to work was formed independently from their current employment. It was of little intrinsic value to them, their motivation came from class, community and family background. These studies opened up new areas of debate, and posed questions to management. How could they motivate workers, who gained little or no motivation from work, but only from personal backgrounds? This forced management theorists to think about the employees life outside the organization as well as within work.

Empirical Evidence - the Evolution of Consolidated Financial Reportin Essay

Empirical Evidence - the Evolution of Consolidated Financial Reporting Can Be Explained By Contracting Cost Variables - Essay Example At the extreme, some researchers have titled their studies as examining the 'determinants' of economic choices (Hagerman and Zmrjewski, 1979; Lekme and Page, 1992; Aitken and Loftus 1994; Whittred and Zimmer, 1994)" Studies carried out by Whittred n 1987 have in fact mistook to analyze the set of amended rules of the Sydney Stock Exchange which was evidently an optional norm. However regulatory requirements regulatory requirements since 1921 have progressively encouraged the presentation of the consolidated statements. A meagre number of companies have voluntarily presented consolidated statements of their own under the regulatory influence. Statutory requirements were found influential than listing rules of the stock exchange leading a vital role in disseminating knowledge about the techniques of consolidated statements through a seminar, professional literature and public examinations. Whitted's study further highlights the speculative assumptions of data where high levels of debt were assumed to mean there had been incidents of contractual arrangements between lenders and beneficiaries as minimum agency cost. The study albeit failed to explain the use of consolidated statements based on cost variations. Many of the practitioners were not familiar with the techniques of consolidations even when the Institute of Chartered Accounts and the Australian Society of Accountants made their first pronouncements on the subject of consolidation in 1946 and 1956 respectively. The accounting literature hereafter included more discussions about the virtues of consolidated statements as a means of reporting to a range of stakeholders. Nevertheless, changes in regulations were associated with the changes in practices in accounting education. This hypothesis yields an evidence of a mere causal relationship between accounting writers and its regulatory practices. Doubtlessly consolidation evolved in the demand of necessity for monitoring performance in compliance with the contracts between the firms and their suppliers of debt and equity capital aimed at reducing agency cost. The characteristic difference of early consolidators with more subsidiaries than non-consolidators disappeared in 1950 following the introduction of taxation incentives. Institutional requirements were ruled out by the sample selection criteria promoting the growth of holding company form and thus it gradually established the necessities towards the descending towards the extent of political cost. G. Whittred gives us a solid ground of its existence as follow According to Clifford W Smith as described in the Incentives for Unconsolidated Financial Reporting says â€Å" We provide a positive analysis of Firms decision to report the operations of a financial subsidiary on a consolidated versus unconsolidated basis.†Ã‚     

Personal essay for pharm cas Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal for pharm cas - Essay Example that my parents are not omniscient healers: the ability of their diagnostic and therapeutic skills to defeat disease is almost totally dependent on the tools at their disposal, and these tools are predominantly drugs. The miracle of medical science itself is undoubtedly founded on the preparation and accurate dispensation of drugs. It is pharmacy which is medical science’s fighting arm. My fascination with pharmacy dates back to this realization and has slowly, but surely, led me to a point in my life at which I am absolutely confident that pharmacy is the career path I want to follow. My choice of pharmacy as a career has been reinforced by my deep admiration for my aunt, who is a renowned pharmacist in Jordan, where I spent the major part of my childhood. Pharmacies in Jordan are run along the lines of traditional community pharmacies, in which the pharmacist plays a major role as counselor and friend to her customers. The pharmacist is urged to independently prescribe drugs for sundry aches and ailments, dispenses advice as well as drugs and strongly influences the customer’s choices. I spent some time assisting my aunt and was deeply impressed by the warmth of her personality, combined with her disciplined approach to the use of drugs. She has become my role model. My personal background has made me aware that impeccable educational qualifications are a prerequisite to any career. My family has also impressed on me the relevance of a work ethic which combines hard work with the efficient organization of time, but still retains some space for compassion. This has made me a dedicated student with a good academic record. At the same time, my love of interpersonal interaction has involved me in the community and student life of my school. I am particularly involved in the student government and tremendously enjoy my role as student instructor. I think that academic success is the result of hard work and also a passionate belief that the subject one has chosen

Analysis Of The Airline Industry Of Pakistan

Analysis Of The Airline Industry Of Pakistan In 1955 Pakistan International Airline formed. It is the 16th largest airline in Asia, operating scheduled services to 73 destinations throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America, as well as an extensive domestic network linking 24 destinations. PIA is three stars International Airline. In our report we did SWOT analysis and PEST analysis on PIA, identify major strength we find as leading market position, brand recognition, superior operating structure, network presence, hub airport at Karachi, and effective use of technology. Formulation on GOVT rule, High dependencies on passenger revenues, high debt, and reliance on oil prices are major weakness, opportunities are like having MAX route and fleet, growth demand for low cost airline, customer loyalty, shifting customer needs and industry recovery, and major threats are high interest rates, accidents, strong competition by Air blue, interest and foreign currency exchange rates, and decline in industry. In PEST analysis we discover major Governments active role in increasing competition in the airline industry, inflation rate, turning of social environment of Pakistan liberal with the new regime. Innovation in technology, and its impact on distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation. We recommend PIA for better service to decentralized its management system, develop SBUs, adopt transparent promotion polices, employee empowerment to increase the employee motivation and moral. Try to decrease its overhead cost, adopt effective marketing policy, two way communication and TQM. Upgrade its fleet; purchase new Airplane with twin engines these will reduce the operating cost of PIA. Improve control over fares. Hire the services of IT specialists; improve service standards focusing on quality. Pakistan International Airlines Introduction: When Pakistan was founded in 1947 it comprised two territories on either side of the expanse of India. It was in this unusual circumstance that Pakistan International was formed in 1955. Despite wars and economic trouble, the carrier survived to grow and prosper. Pakistan International Airlines is the flag carrier airline of Pakistan, based in Karachi. It is the 16th largest airline in Asia, operating scheduled services to 73 destinations throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America, as well as an extensive domestic network linking 24 destinations. Its main bases are Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, the Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore and the Islamabad International Airport, Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The airline also has secondary bases, including Peshawar International Airport, Faisalabad International Airport, Quetta International Airport and Multan International Airport, from which it connects the metropolitan cities with the main bases, the Middle East and the Far East. The airline is owned by the Government of Pakistan (87%) and other shareholders (13%). It has 19,263 employees (at March 2007). AIRLINE INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN: There are 36 operational airports. Karachi is Pakistans main airport but significant levels of both domestic and international cargo are also handled at Islamabad and Lahore. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), the public sector airline, though facing the competition from a few private airlines, carries approximately 70 percent of domestic passengers and almost equal domestic freight traffic. The transportation sector accounts for about 10.5 percent of the countrys GDP and 27.4 percent of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) in FY06. It provides over 6 percent of employment in the country and receives 12 to 16 percent of the annual Federal Public Sector Development Program (PSDP). Government agencies dominate the sector. Hierarchy of PIA: This organization is divided into following departments: Human Resource and Administration, Marketing, Corporate Planning, Information Services, Finance, Flight Services, Flight Operation, Engineering, Procurement and Logistics, Customer Services, Training and Development, Quality Assurance. The organ gram of the organization follows, with the Chairman at the top and directors of departments reporting to him. The structure is centralized with the top-level management making the decisions. CORPORATE VISION OF PIA: To be a world class airline exceeding customer expectations through dedicated employees Committed to excellence. CORPORATE MISSION As a Symbol of National Pride, We Aspire to be a Choice Airline, Operating Profitably on Modern Commercial concepts and Capable of Competing with the Best in the International as well as Domestic markets. VALUES: 6.1). Customer Expectations: PIA is the most trusted name in the industry. The reason of its goodwill is according the expectation of their customers that PIA has fulfilled always. By providing competitive tariff, extensive care, and convenience to their valued and potential customers. 6.2). Service: PIA aims at providing valuable and unique services to its customers. They are more personalized and courteous to their customers. The services are valuable and rare; this is the reason why customers trust PIA. 28 Nov 2004, Pakistan International Airlines PIA passed the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) benchmark for global safety management The IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) is the benchmark for global safety management in airlines KARACHI, 22 October 2007 Abacus Pakistan officially launched Abacus Travel Secure with AIG, providing local travel agents and travelers easy and convenient access to AIGs travel insurance policies. Available for the first time in Pakistan, Abacus Travel Secure brings real time and immediate activation of travel insurance policies to the Pakistan travel industry with a more streamlined and time saving application process for travel agents 6.3) Innovation: PIA currently has a number of 43 fleets and aims at increasing this numbers to 53 by the next few years.PIA is adoptive to changes and believe in innovation thats create new ideas and translating these ideas into action. 6.4) Reliability: PIA is the most experience airline with its service with more than 53 years. This has built in PIA has become the most reliable airline. PIA is known for its loyalty and consistency. 6.5) Safety: The most challenging responsibility of any organization is to provide complete satisfaction to its employees and customers together. This satisfaction rewards favorable and easy working conditions. The in-flight services are customers friendly and the organizational the organizational environment is also employees oriented. 6.6) Cohesiveness: PIA has 12 departments working in their own direction and also provides a number of services including speedex courier service, catering etc. The most impressive part is these all department and services are integrated in a cohesive way. Services PIA offers two types of services. Business Class Economy Class Business Class Its the only Business Class service that feels like First Class. A comfortable seat makes all the difference on a long flight. PIAs Business Class Seats elevate the concept of luxury to a new level, fully endorsing your decision to choose PIA Business Class Sit back and relax in our exclusive Business Class Lounges at the Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad airports. Our hospitable staff will ensure that youre well looked after during your stay with us at the airport Business Class passengers arriving at Airport will receive a warm welcome from PIA. Our representatives will walk you right through all the arrival formalities so that you dont have to stand in line or worry about clearance. Economy Class: PIAs economy class is also comfortable for passenger as Business class. Economy Class offer seats with a 32-inch pitch, adjustable footrests and winglet headrests for improved neck comfort. The personal TV provides on-going entertainment including audio and video on-demand choices. Passengers enjoy the same caring service from our flight attendants, along with skillfully prepared meals and a wide range of in-flight entertainment options to choose from. Free newspapers are also provided to all Economy class passengers. The PIA in-flight magazine, Hamsafar, is provided to all passengers on all international flights. Humsafar was introduced on PIA flights in 1980 and it is published bi-monthly.PIA is providing its service in twenty-five cites of Pakistan domestically which are as follows: Giigit Chitral Skardu Saidu Sarif Islamabad Peshawar Sialkot D.I,Khan Lahore Faisalabad Multan Zhob D.G.Khan Quetta Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Dalbandin Sukkar Panjgor Sukkar Jacoababad Turbat Moemjodaro Gwadar Pasni karachi Revenue Composition: According to the latest report of PIA, 87% of revenue generates from passengers, 8% of revenue generates from cargo and remaining 5% consists of others. Fleet Pakistan International Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft (as of May 2008) Major Competitors: PIA is holding the first position in market. It has 48% market share. Its major competitors are Airblue and Shaheen International Airline. Airblue has a market share of 35% while Shaheen International Airline has 17% market share. People feel prestigious to travel with PIA as compare to Airblue and others. Latest products by PIA nad qulaity achievements: Boeing-777 operating to middle east Flight Barcelona Linking Abu Dhabi and rahim yar khan Flights from D.I.Khan to Peshawar and Islamabad Early buy cheaper fly Bradford- Islamabad Nov stop! Pak Glasgow Flight from Multan and D.G khan to Dubai Lowest business class fare paksitan Dubai Connecting Multan and Quetta, Islamabad with Chitral and Nawabshah with Hyderabad. Promoting web ticketing and SMS booking, Ticketing delivery at Door step 9.1) IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) benchmark: 28 Nov 2004, Pakistan International Airlines PIA passed the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) benchmark for global safety management The IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) is the benchmark for global safety management in airlines. 9.2) E-Ticketing: KARACHI, 22 October 2007 Abacus Pakistan officially launched Abacus Travel Secure with AIG, providing local travel agents and travelers easy and convenient access to AIGs travel insurance policies. Available for the first time in Pakistan, Abacus Travel Secure brings real time and immediate activation of travel insurance policies to the Pakistan travel industry with a more streamlined and time saving application process for travel agents. 9.3) 3Star Ranked airline : SKYTRAX introduced the World Airline Star Rating ® programme in 2000 the Quality Analysis system that ranks airline product and service standards, based on professional evaluation by airline audit specialists. To achieve SKYTRAX Approved Airlineà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ status, airlines are subjected to a very detailed Quality evaluation across all areas of their front-line Product and Service standards by Skytrax covering all areas that passengers will typically experience during their trip. SKYTRAX Approved Airline evaluation covers over 750 aspects of product and service quality measurement, and is split across both airport and onboard environments airport services based around an airlines home base airport. QUALITY RANKING USED IN AIRLINE RATING SUMMARY BELOW = Excellent = Good = Fair = Poor = Very poor :: PIA PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL :: a 3 Star Airline PIA Pakistan Intl Passenger Comments Home Base Airport Ranking = Karachi Airport SUMMARY RANKING Combined Quality of Product / Staff service in airport and onboard environments Business Class Premium Economy Class Economy Class Airport Services Check-In service Business Class Check-In service Economy Class Transfer Services Business Class Transfer Services Economy Class Arrival Services Business Class Lounge product facilities Business Class Lounge staff service Onboard Features Inflight entertainment may vary according to aircraft type Cabin Safety Procedures Inflight Entertainment Amenities, Blankets, Pillows, Towels etc Airline Magazine, Newspapers other mags Cabin Seat Comfort Seat Guide Seating may vary according to aircraft type Business Class long haul Business Class short haul Premium Economy Class long haul Economy Class long haul Economy Class short haul Onboard Catering Business Class long haul Business Class short haul Premium Economy Class long haul Economy Class long haul Economy Class short haul Cabin Staff Service Business Class service efficiency Business Class staff attitude friendliness Premium Economy Class service efficiency Premium Economy Class staff attitude friendliness Economy Class service efficiency Economy Class staff attitude friendliness Responding to Passenger requests Cabin presence through flights Assisting Parents with children Staff Language Skills SWOT ANALYSIS 10.1) STRENGTHS: . LEADING MARKET POSITION: PIA is one of Pakistans leading air carriers, with more than 800 daily flights. Around 150,000 passengers a month fly on PIA, making it one of the major operators in the domestic market in terms of passenger kilometers. PIAs international market share was 43.5%, In the Domestic market, its market share was 69.4%. On a system-wide basis, PIAs market share was 51.2% at the end of year 2007.Its strong market position is driven by consistently low fares as well as reliable service, frequent and convenient flights, use of new technologies like e-ticketing and self check-in terminals, comfortable cabins and superior customer service. BRAND RECOGNITION: PIA has high brand recall. It is recognized by travelers all over the country. PIA is a national airline, operating passenger and cargo services covering eighty-two domestic and foreign. PIA has earned the number one ranking in customer satisfaction. This strong market position gives the company a scale advantage and helps it strengthen its brand image. SUPERIOR OPERATING STRUCTURE: PIA has maintained its position as the low cost carrier. It has been first class Pakistani airline to use the latest technology. Factors contributing consists of different series of Boeing and Airbus and an efficient, high-utilization and point- to-point route structure. Flying one type of aircraft significantly simplifies scheduling, maintenance, flight operations, and training activities. PIA has continually achieved high asset utilization and employee efficiency. Superior operating structure serves as the primary competitive advantage of PIA. NETWORK PRESENCE: PIA enjoys a strong network in key domestic and international destinations. The companys network includes three the major airports in Pakistan, as well as major international airport such as Dubai International Airport. Having a strong network means that PIA can generate traffic feed for both its domestic and international Flights. HUB AIRPORT AT KARACHI: PIA operates from its hub in Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. Jinnah International is one of the worlds busiest airports in terms of number of passengers carried. It is also one of the largest international gateways to Asia. It is also the leading international air passenger (and cargo) gateway to Pakistan. The companys strong presences in airports with heaviest traffic levels in Pakistan give it a competitive advantage. EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY: PIA has successfully incorporated latest technology in all its systems, giving it an edge over competitors. PIA takes credit for introducing most new technologies to the Pakistani market. It was the second carrier in Pakistan to incorporate the c-ticketing system and the second in South Asia to introduce self check in systems at the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. 10.2) WEAKNESSES: FORMULATION OF GOVT. RULES: The Basic flaw of this organization is its consolidation that is centralized system. The key policies, strategies and set of laws are designed by the upper management. The centralized system is one of the biggest obstacles of long term success of PIA. PIA centralizes structure lead to barrel between different level of management, decreased motivation, hard access to information. HIGH DEPENDENCE ON PASSENGER REVENUES: Passenger revenues accounted for 87 percent of the PIAs total revenue in 2007. Cargo services allow airlines to generate additional revenues from existing passenger flights. In addition, cargo revenues are usually counter cyclical to passenger revenues and have lower demand elasticity than passenger business, which allows airlines to pass on fuel price hikes to customers. DEBT: PIA has a significant amount of 42 billion debts. Current and future debts could have important consequences for stakeholders of the company. For example, debt could impair PIA ability to make investments and obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate or other purposes. Debts could also put PIA at a competitive disadvantage to competitors that have lesser debt and could also increase the companys vulnerability to interest rate increases. RELIANCE ON OIL PRICES: PIAs sustainability, growth and revenues directly depend on oil prices. A steep rise in oil prices can seriously damage the long term viability of any airline. Recently many airlines around the world went bankrupt due to rising oil prices. Airlines need to hedge against this risk by taking proper measures. OPPORTUNITIES: . HAVING THE MAXIMUM ROUTE AND FLEET: PIA is having the maximum route and fleet domestic and international destinations network in Pakistan as compared to its Competitors. Route and fleet expansion will positively impact the companys operations by increasing revenues. GROWING DEMAND FOR LOW COST AIRLINES: The growing demand for air travel is driven by lower fares and consumer confidence. A survey by International Aviation Authority showed that ticket price is the number one criterion for passengers when selecting a flight, well ahead of the availability of a non-stop service. CUSTOMER LOYALTY: PIAs frequent flyer and loyalty programs can help it retain customers. PIAs Awards+plus (frequent flyer program) was established to develop passenger loyalty by offering awards and services to frequent travelers. Such schemes encourage repeat travel on PIA, as passengers seek to accrue the benefits given to regular travelers. This enables the airline to retain customers and reduce costs, as it does not have to spend money targeting new customers to replace those lost to other airlines. SHIFTING CUSTOMER NEEDS: The needs of air passengers are increasingly changing, as they are becoming more and more price sensitive. If PIA succeeds in making its prices more competitive, then the company will be able to gain significant market share. INDUSTRY RECOVERY: Market analysts believe that the global airline industry will experience an upturn in fortunes over the next few years. This represents an opportunity for PIA, as it could generate increased revenues and command market share if it capitalizes on increases in demand. . THREATS HIGH INTEREST RATES: The past few years have seen State Bank of Pakistan impose high as well as low interest rates to check inflation and the over heating of Pakistani economy. Inflation in Pakistan may see another raise in the short-term. ACCIDENTS: There had been five accidents with PIA listed as below: Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK 705 was a Boeing 720 040 B that crashed while descending to land on Runway 34 at Cairo International Airport on May 20, 1965 resulting in 119 fatalities. Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK740 was a Boeing 707-340C that crashed after takeoff from Jeddah International Airport on November 26, 1979. All 156 aboard were killed. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 was an Airbus A300B4-203, registration AP-BCP, which crashed on approach to Kathmandus Tribhuvan International Airport on September 28, 1992. All 167 on board were killed. PIA Flight 554 is the flight number of a Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) Fokker F27 that was hijacked on May 25, 1998. The flight started its journey at Gwadar in Balochistan after originating in Turbat, and was flying to Pakistans southern port city of Karachi. The aircraft was carrying 24 passengers and 5 crew members. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688 (PK688, PIA688) was scheduled to operate from Multan to Lahore and Islamabad at 12:05 pm on July 10, 2006. It crashed into a field after bursting into flames a few minutes after takeoff from Multan International Airport. All 41 passengers and four crewmembers on board were killed. PIA has to continuously ensure utmost safety and security of its passengers. Accidents can adversely affect customer confidence in PIA and result in declined revenues intensifying competition. STRONG COMPETITION BY AIRBLUE: PIA is now competing against carriers such as Airblue and Shaheen Airline. PIA remains Airblues strongest competitor because of the huge market it has gained over time, strong brand image and customer loyalty. PIA has started new low-fares subsidiary PIA Express to stop the Airblue market share growing to fast. Moreover, major legacy airlines have been focusing on restructuring costs, which has improved their competitiveness. With costs restructured, the legacy airlines are becoming more formidable competitors in terms of increasing capacity, matching prices and leveraging their frequent flier programs. Increasing competition could adversely affect the companys margins. INTEREST AND FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES: Fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates can have a significant impact on PIAs earnings. For example, as PIA is providing its services to the UK. Negative or positive effects arise from exchange rate movements as change in expenses. Strengthening of foreign currencies against the British Pound will positively impact PIA and vice versa. DECLINE IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY: A number of factors have caused the current decline in the airline industry. For example, the threat of further terrorist attacks since September 11 and a fall in the number of business travelers have both caused passenger numbers to fall. These and other factors may continue to affect demand for air travel in the future, which will affect revenues of PIA. The threat of terrorism may discourage people from traveling by air and could especially reduce the number of passengers traveling on international flights. PEST ANALYSIS The macro-environment includes all factors influencing a company that are not within its control. These include political, social, economic and technological factors. These are known as PEST factors. A technique of analysis of the macro environment is PEST analysis. Environmental analysis should be continuous arid precede all aspects of planning. Since the airline industry is very much influenced by changes taking place in the environment and has undergone rapid and dramatic changes during the last decade, this analysis is especially important for PIA. POLITICAL FACTORS: Political factors always have a great influence on the way businesses operate in the airline industry and the spending power of customers. In recent years it has been observed that government played an active role in increasing competition in the airline industry. A number of new airlines such as AirBlue and JS Air have been awarded licenses to enter the domestic market. Pakistan has achieved some political stability in recent years. If the management of PIA believes that the present government will perform well (consistently), then there will be more investment in the form of purchase of new airplanes and latest technology. The over all industry will grow resulting in more luxurious and comfortable flights. With the military takeover government policies have become more liberal. ECONOMIC FACTORS: Currently, Airlines industry has three major players: Pakistan International Airlines, an Airblue, Aero Asia and Shaheen Airlines. Their target market includes domestic travelers as well as Pakistanis living abroad particularly in the UK and USA. These countries have strong economies coupled with high purchasing power. Customers purchase behavior depends very much on prices of the competing airlines as well as services offered. As inflation rate is unstable in Pakistan, spending power of consumers has effected in the long term. In fact growth in Pakistani economy has resulted in an increase in spending power and has positively impacted the airline industry. Economically, the new millennium has been highly volatile; the September 11 attacks revolutionized the whole world. Consequently, there was a global depression in the North America, South America, Australia and Europe. However, in Asia especially Pakistan the effect in the short term was otherwise. The economy began to boom because of greater remittances from abroad and whole sum immigration by expatriates. As a result, demand for air travel in South Asia rose. Economic conditions of Pakistan are however improving. PIA has cost a advantage over its competitors because of its newly acquired, improved, long distance aircrafts from Boeing which give longer range and better fuel economy than any other jet currently produced. This cost advantage is a barrier to entry for new firms. However, this cost advantage will not be significant on domestic routes. SOCIAL FACTORS: The social arid cultural influences on business vary from country to country. The social structure of Pakistan is closely tied. The trend is now changing as the general public is educated and is pursuing professional goals. Customers are more aware of market conditions and available options and want to get best value for their money. They spend considerable time and money on entertainment hence increasing the need of in-flight entertainment systems. Also, word of mouth has a significant impact in the use of airline services. Hajj attracts a huge number of customers. The social environment of Pakistan is turning liberal with the new regime. The initiative to automate check-in and ticket booking process might not be very popular with the general public (even educated population) is still technology averse. E-ticketing might also face significant challenges as consumers are generally reluctant to provide their credit cards information over the phone and the internet. The consumers, however, have a warm reaction to the prospect of less costly but quality service flights. vi) TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Technology is vital for competitive advantage and is a major driver of the airlines industry. Major technological changes are taking place in the airlines industry with innovations in the reservations and booking systems. In-flight entertainment systems and auto check in counters are two examples of such innovations. Internet plays a key role in e-ticketing as consumer can easily reserve tickets or check the status of the flight. A key issue will be the extent, to which technological advancements (such as Internet) impact distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation, can offset upward pressures on costs. PIA has always led the path of technological innovations by introducing new technologies ahead of its competitors such as its auto check-in counters which has helped it gain market share. It was the first airline in Pakistan to install Sabre system followed by the market leader. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES Decentralization: PIA should decentralize its structure that would lead to the easy management, increased motivation, easy access to information and resolution of the conflicts (as they would be resolved by the immediate manger time span would then reduced). Since employees issues regarding their behavior would lessen, so it would ultimately lead to more satisfied employees that would result in enhanced productivity of the organization. Strategic Business Unit: PIA should make its different departments into Strategic Business Unit. Every SBU should have a defined business strategy and a manager with sales and profit responsibility. As PIA is a large organization, so it must be convert into SBUs.Different factors should be determined for the success of SBUs which as follows. The degree of autonomy given to each SBU manager. The degree to which an SBU shares functional programs and facilities with other SBUs The manner in which the corporation evaluates and rewards the performance of its SBU managers Transparent policy adoption: PIA should adopt transparent policy that employees should be promoted on merit basis. And Chairman of PIA should be appointed from with in the organization. Union should support it, it will motivate the employees and PIA will grow in profit. PIA should not induct new employees till the time they are needed on the basis of my personal observation at Rawalpindi station I have seen that a task which can be performed by person PIA had 3 employees for that.PIA should give bonus to the industrious and competent employees. Employee Empowerment: PIA should make efforts towards empowering the employees that is going to lead to more employee participation in the decision making process and also result in more employee satisfaction and enhanced motivation. Apart from this, employees would feel more independent to discuss the issues explicitly without hesitation. This would also enhance team work process at PIA as quality team and cross-functional teams. The employees will work with more commitment and dedication and every employee would work to his/her fullest due to increased motivation. <